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A1C ###### Also known as Hemoglobin A1C, Glycated Hemoglobin A1C. A1C testing provides a view of how your blood glucose level has been doing over a period of two to three months. A person without diabetes has an A1C between 4 to 6 percent. For people with diabetes, the goal is to aim for lower than 7 percent.. ########,################,#######################2-3 #######################4-6%##,#############6.5 - 7%# AAPI ##### Asian American Pacific Islander. Acanthosis Nigracans #### A skin condition commonly seen in people with insulin resistance, pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes. It is characterized by dark wart-like patches in body folds such as the back of the neck or in the armpits. ###################2######################################## Acarbose ######## Brand name in the U.S is Precose. This is an oral medication that slows down the rise in blood glucose levels after meals by blocking absorption of starches in the intestine. Mainly used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. #######Precose,######,###############,################2##### Adult onset diabetes Refers to type 2 diabetes. Accupril #### Also known as quinapril, it is an oral medication (ACE inhibitor) used to treat high blood pressure. #############(ACE)###,######## ACE inhibitors ########### ACE stands for angiotensin converting enzyme. This is a class of oral medicines that lowers blood pressure (Common brand names in the U.S. are Accupril, Zestril, Monopril). When prescribed to patients with diabetes, especially those who have protein (albumin) in the urine, it helps to slow down kidney damage. ACEI ##################,#########:################################(########)######### ACE-K ##### Known as acesulfame potassium. This is a dietary sugar substitute (sweetner) that contains no calories or nutritional values. #####,########(###),######,########## Acetoacetate ### A ketone body first detected in the blood. See ketone bodies. ########,###### Acetone ## A ketone body first detected in the breath. See ketone bodies. ########,###### Aspirin ########## Generic name is acetylsalicyclic acid. It is recommended for people of age 35 or older and have had diabetes for more than 10 years. Aspirin has been shown to be effective in lowering the risk of heart disease by reducing platelet activities in the blood. (For more information, click here for Joslin Guidelines) ####,####35############10##############################(#################) Actos #### Generic name is pioglitazone. This is an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin; belongs to the class of medicines called thiazolidinediones. ########,#####,#############2####,################,############ Albuminuria #### A condition in which the urine has more than normal amounts of a protein called albumin. Albuminuria may be a sign of nephropathy (kidney disease). ############################(####)#### Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor a-######## A class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that blocks enzymes that digest starches in food. The result is a slower and lower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially right after meals (generic names: acarbose and miglitol.) ####2#########,#########a-###,#######,######,###############2#####(###:#########) Amaryl ### Brand name Amaryl; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. Belongs to the class of medicines called sulfonylureas. ###:###,###2################################################# American Diabetes Association (ADA) ####### Founded in 1940, the American Diabetes Association is the nation's leading nonprofit health organization providing diabetes research, information and advocacy. ##########1940#,#############,##################### Amputation ## Surgical removal of one's limb, digits or toes. One of the complications of uncontrolled diabetes. #####################(#)################## Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE) ########### An oral medicine that lowers blood pressure. ACE stands for angiotensin (an-gee-oh-TEN-sin) converting enzyme. For people with diabetes, especially those who have protein (albumin) in the urine, it also helps to slow down kidney damage. ######,ACEI###############,###############,########### Antibodies ## Proteins made by the body to protect itself from "foreign" substances, such as bacteria or viruses. People get type 1 diabetes when their bodies make antibodies that destroy the body's own insulin-making beta cells. ###################,#######1##################B###### ARB ########## An oral medicine that lowers blood pressure and protects kidneys from the effects of diabetes; ARB stands for angiotensin receptor blocker. #####,##############ARB############# Asian American Diabetes Initiative (AADI) ########## Led by Drs. George King and William Hsu, the AADI was established at Joslin Diabetes Center in 2000. http://aadi.joslin.harvard.edu/. ######################,2000#############:http://aadi.joslin.harvard.edu/ Aspart insulin ######### Brand name Novolog; a rapid-acting insulin. On average, aspart insulin starts to lower blood glucose within 10 to 20 minutes after injection. Its action peaks at one to three hours after injection; usually lasts for three to five hours after injection. #######NovoLog,########,#####10-20#########,######1-3##,######3-5### Aspartame #### A dietary sweetener with almost no calories and no nutritional value. (Brand names: Equal, NutraSweet.) ###############,###:#####(Equal)######### (Nutrasweet) Atherosclerosis #### Clogging, narrowing, and hardening of the body's large arteries and medium-sized blood vessels. Atherosclerosis can lead to stroke, heart attack, eye problems and kidney problems. ########################################### Autoimmune disease ####### Disorder of the body's immune system in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys body tissue that it believes to be foreign. ########,###############(###)######## Autonomic neuropathy ############# A type of neuropathy affecting the lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder or genitals. ########################## Avandia ###(####) An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Belongs to the class of medicines called thiazolidinediones. (Brand name: Avandia.) ######2##########,######## (thiazolidinediones)#################,##################(Avandia)# Basal rate ### A steady trickle of low levels of very short or short-acting insulin, such as that used in insulin pumps. ##########,####################### Beta cells ß## A cell that makes insulin. Beta cells are located in the islets of the pancreas. ###ß##,########## Biguanide ### A class of oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver and by helping the body respond better to insulin. (Generic name: metformin) ######2##########,#########################,##########:######## (Metformin)# Blood glucose (sugar) ####(##) The main form of sugar found in the blood and the body's main source of energy. Also called blood sugar. #################,##### Blood pressure ## The force of blood exerted on the inside walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is expressed as a ratio (example: 120/80, read as "120 over 80"). The first number is the systolic (sis-TAH-lik) pressure, or the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries. The second number is the diastolic (DY-uh-STAH-lik) pressure, or the pressure when the heart rests. For people with diabetes, the blood pressure goal is below 130/80. #############################,#120/80 ###########,###########################,#########################130/80mmHg Blood urea nitrogen #### Also known as BUN; a waste product in the blood from the breakdown of protein. The kidneys filter blood to remove urea. As kidney function decreases, the BUN levels increase. ###BUN,########,#################,BUN##### Body mass index (BMI) #### A measure of body weight looking at weight relative to height. BMI is used to find out if a person is underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese. ##############################BMI####################### Bolus (insulin) ######## An extra amount of very short or short-acting insulin taken to cover an expected rise in blood glucose, often related to a meal or snack. ############################ Bariatric surgery #### Surgical treatment for morbid obesity. ############### C-peptide C-# Connecting peptide, a substance that the pancreas releases into the bloodstream in equal amounts to insulin. A test of C-peptide levels shows how much insulin the body is making. ###,####################C-############## Calorie ### A unit of energy in food equal to the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1#. Carbohydrate, protein, fat and alcohol provide calories in the diet. Carbohydrate and protein have four calories per gram, fat has nine calories per gram, and alcohol has seven calories per gram. ######,1#####1#####1################################################4###,###9###,###7#### Carbohydrate ##### One of the three main nutrients in food. Foods that are carbohydrate include starches, starchy vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and desserts and sugars. #################, ################################## Cataract ### Clouding of the lens of the eye. #################,########,############## Center for Medicare and Medical Service Administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with the states to administer Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program and health insurance portability standards. http://www.cms.hhs.gov/ ############################################:http://www.cms.hhs.gov/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) The lead Federal agency for protecting the health and safety of people - at home and abroad, providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships. http://www.cdc.gov/ ########,################,##########################:http://www.cdc.gov/ Central obesity Excessive waist line is a risk factor for heart disease and diabetes. While persons with waist linesof more than 40 inches in men and 35 inches in women are defined with central obesity, cutoff of 90 centimeters in men and 80 centimeters in women have been adopted by some to define central obesity in people of Asian descent. #######################>40 ##,####>35##################:##>90##,##>80######### Cerebrovascular accident ##### A blockage of blood vessels that supply blood in the brain. Decreased blood flow could be due to hardening, damaging or clogged blood vessels. When blood flow is interrupted, brain cells die or are damaged, resulting in a stroke. #########################################,##########,#### Certified diabetic educator (CDE) ########## A healthcare professional with expertise in diabetes education who has met eligibility requirements and successfully completed a certification exam. ##################,####################### Claudication ## Pain that comes and goes in the muscles of the leg. This pain results from a lack of blood supply to the legs and usually happens when walking or exercising. #####################,####################,######################## Congestive heart failure ####### Loss of the heart's pumping power, which causes fluids to collect in the body, especially in the feet and lungs. ####################,###########,######### Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) ######## A technology that allows healthcare professionals to track a patient's blood glucose levels continuously throughout the day. The system includes a "SENSOR" that is attached onto the skin of the abdomen and connected to the "mobile phone" size device by a wire. It can perform a blood glucose test every 10 seconds and a mean of blood glucose is recorded every five minutes which means 288 glucose tests per day. ##################################,####################################10#######,#5#########,###288####### Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) ######### Constant, continuous infusion of very short or short-acting insulin driven by mechanical force (insulin pump) and delivered via a soft cannula under the skin. ########################### Creatinine ## A waste product from protein in the diet and from the muscles of the body. Creatinine is removed from the body by the kidneys; as kidney disease progresses, the level of creatinine in the blood increases. ####################################,########,########## Cultural competence #### Dawn phenomenon #### The early-morning (4 a.m. to 8 a.m.) rise in blood glucose level. ############(4-8#)############## Diabetes mellitus ### Also known as diabetes; a condition characterized by high blood glucose resulting from the body's inability to use blood glucose for energy. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas no longer makes insulin and therefore blood glucose cannot enter the cells to be used for energy. In type 2 diabetes, either the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use insulin correctly. ############################1#############################,#####2########################## Diabetic ketoacidosis ######## Also known as DKA. An emergency condition in which extremely high blood glucose levels, along with a severe lack of insulin, result in the breakdown of body fat for energy and an accumulation of ketones in the blood and urine. Signs of DKA are nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, fruity breath odor and rapid breathing. Untreated DKA can lead to coma and death. ##DKA,#######################,###########,######,########DKA##########################DKA################# Diabetologist ##### A doctor who specializes in treating people who have diabetes. ############ Dialysis ## The process of cleaning wastes from the blood artificially. This job is normally done by the kidneys. If the kidneys fail, the blood must be cleaned artificially with special equipment. ##################,####################,################################# DKA ######## Diabetic ketoacidosis.. ######## Edema ## Swelling caused by excess fluid in the body. ################# Endocrinologist ###### A doctor who treats people who have endocrine gland problems such as diabetes ##################### Enzyme # Protein made by the body that brings about a chemical reaction, for example, the enzymes produced by the gut to aid digestion. ###########,############## Erectile dysfunction ###### A type of sexual dysfunction; the inability to get or maintain an erection for sexual activity; also called impotence. ########################## Fructosamine ### Measures the number of blood glucose molecules (MAH-leh-kyools) linked to protein molecules in the blood. The test provides information on the average blood glucose level for the past three weeks. #############################,###########17#,########3######## Gangrene ## The death of body tissue, most often caused by a lack of blood flow and infection. It can lead to amputation. ##################,################### Gastroparesis ### A form of neuropathy that affects the stomach. Digestion of food may be incomplete or delayed, resulting in nausea, vomiting or bloating, making blood glucose control difficult. ##########################,###########,##,######### Gestational diabetes ###### A type of diabetes mellitus that develops only during pregnancy and usually disappears upon delivery, but increases the risk that the mother will develop diabetes later. GDM is managed with meal planning, physical activity, and, in some cases, insulin. #########,########,##################,########,#######################################,############ Glargine ####### Brand name Lantus; very-long-acting insulin. On average, glargine insulin starts to lower blood glucose levels within one hour after injection and keeps working evenly for 24 hours after injection. ###:###,#######,#####1#######,#####24## Glaucoma ### An increase in fluid pressure inside the eye that may lead to loss of vision. ###########,########## Glucagon #### A hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas. It raises blood glucose. An injectable form of glucagon, available by prescription, may be used to treat severe hypoglycemia. ########a##########,###################,########### Glucose tablets #### Chewable tablets made of pure glucose used for treating hypoglycemia. ################## Glycemic index #### A ranking of carbohydrate-containing foods, based on the food's effect on blood glucose compared with a standard reference food. ####################,####50g#####################,#################### Glycogen ## The form of glucose found in the liver and muscles. ################# HDL cholesterol ######### High density lipoprotein cholesterol; a fat found in the blood that takes extra cholesterol from the blood to the liver for removal. Sometimes called "good" cholesterol. ############“#####”,#########,######################## Honeymoon period ### Temporary remission of hyperglycemia that occurs in some people newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, when some insulin secretion resumes for a short time, usually a few months, before stopping again. ######1###############B######,B#########,######,##########,#######,######"###",############,##B######,#######,################ Hyperlipidemia #### Higher than normal fat and cholesterol levels in the blood ############# Hypoglycemia unawareness ########(########################) A state in which a person does not feel or recognize the symptoms of low blood glucose. People who have frequent episodes of hypoglycemia may no longer experience the warning signs of it. ########################################### Hypotension ### Low blood pressure or a sudden drop in blood pressure. Hypotension may occur when a person rises quickly from a sitting or reclining position, causing dizziness or fainting. ##################################,############ Insulin ### A hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy. The beta cells of the pancreas make insulin. When the body cannot make enough insulin, insulin is taken by injection or through use of an insulin pump #################################,#####ß########################,####################### Insulin dependent diabetes ######### Refers to type 1 diabetes. #1############# Insulinoma #### A tumor of the beta cells in the pancreas. An insulinoma may cause the body to make extra insulin, leading to hypoglycemia. ###ß################,##############,########## Insulin pump #### An insulin-delivering device about the size of a deck of cards that can be worn on a belt or kept in a pocket. An insulin pump connects to narrow, flexible plastic tubing that ends with a needle inserted just under the skin. Users set the pump to give a steady trickle or basal amount of insulin continuously throughout the day. Pumps release bolus doses of insulin (several units at a time) at meals and at times when blood glucose is too high, based on programming done by the user. ##########################,###BP###,###############,#########################,###############################################################(############),################### Insulin resistance ##### The body's inability to respond to and use the insulin it produces. Insulin resistance may be linked to obesity, hypertension and high levels of fat in the blood. #######################,####################################################### Intramuscular injection #### Inserting liquid medication into a muscle with a syringe. Glucagon may be given by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection for hypoglycemia. #################### Islet cell antibodies ###### Proteins found in the blood of people newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. They are also found in people who may be developing type 1 diabetes. The presence of ICA indicates that the body's immune system has been damaging beta cells in the pancreas. #####1##############1##################(ICA)###ICA###########ß######## Islet cell transplantation ###### Moving the islets from a donor pancreas into a person whose pancreas has stopped producing insulin. Beta cells in the islets make the insulin that the body needs for using blood glucose. ########################################### Juvenile diabetes ###### Term for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or type 1 diabetes. #############(IDDM)#1#### Ketone ## A chemical produced when there is a shortage of insulin in the blood and the body breaks down body fat for energy. High levels of ketones can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis and coma. Sometimes referred to as ketone bodies. ############################################ Ketosis ## A ketone buildup in the body that may lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. Signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting and stomach pain. ###############,##################### Kidney failure ##### A chronic condition in which the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up because the kidneys no longer work properly. A person with kidney failure needs dialysis or a kidney transplant. Also called end-stage renal (REE-nul) disease or ESRD. #######################,######################################################:########################## Lancet ### A spring-loaded device used to prick the skin with a small needle to obtain a drop of blood for blood glucose monitoring. ###################### Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults ############ Also known as LADA; a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults ###LADA,######1##### LDL cholesterol ######### Also known as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; a fat found in the blood that takes cholesterol around the body to where it is needed for cell repair and also deposits it on the inside of artery walls. Sometimes called the "bad cholesterol." LDL- C ################# ##############################LDL-c#LDL-C ######## #############, #LDL-C####, ########### #####LDL-c##"#####"# Lipid profile A blood test that measures total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol. LDL cholesterol is then calculated from the results. A lipid profile is one measure of a person's risk of cardiovascular disease. ########################################################## Lispro Brand name Humalog; a rapid-acting insulin. On average, lispro insulin starts to lower blood glucose within five minutes after injection. It has its strongest effect 30 minutes to 1 hour after injection but keeps working for three hours after injection. ######(Humalog),##############5#######,#######30###1##,####3## Macrosomia Abnormally large; in diabetes, refers to abnormally large babies that may be born to women with diabetes. ########4500###########,##################### Macula The part of the retina in the eye used for reading and seeing fine detail. #############,########,########### Maturity-onset diabetes of the young Also known as MODY; type 2 diabetes that accounts for one to five percent of people with diabetes. Of the six forms identified, each is caused by a defect in a single gene. ###MODY,######1~5%###2#########,######,############## Meglitinide #### Generic name repaglinide; a class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin right after meals. #######,####2##########,################# Metabolic syndrome ##### The tendency of several conditions to occur together, including obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes or pre-diabetes, hypertension and high lipids. ################,############################## Metformin #### Brand names: Glucophage, Glucophage XR; an ingredient in Glucovance; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver and helping the body respond better to the insulin made in the pancreas. Belongs to the class of medicines called biguanides. ###:###,###XR,########(#########),##2############################################### Microalbuminuria ###### Small amounts of the protein called albumin in the urine detectable with a special lab test. ##################,########### Microvascular disease ##### Disease of the smallest blood vessels, such as those found in the eyes, nerves and kidneys. The walls of the vessels become abnormally thick but weak—then they bleed, leak protein and slow the flow of blood to the cells. ###########################,################################################## Miglitol #### Brand name Glycet; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It blocks the enzymes that digest starches in food. The result is a slower and lower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially right after meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. ###:Glycet##########2#########,#########a-#####,#########,########,###############a-######## Myocardial infarction #### Also known as heart attack; an interruption in the blood supply to the heart because of narrowed or blocked blood vessels. ##############,###########,###############,################### Nateglinide #### Brand name: Starlix; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose levels by helping the pancreas make more insulin right after meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called D-phenylalanine derivatives. #######,##2#########################################D-####### Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum ########## A skin condition usually on the lower part of the legs. Lesions can be small or extend over a large area. They are usually raised, yellow and waxy in appearance and often have a purple border. #####################,##################################### Nephrologist #### A doctor who treats people who have kidney problems. ############# Nephropathy ## Disease of the kidneys. Hyperglycemia and hypertension can damage the kidneys' glomeruli. When the kidneys are damaged, protein leaks out of the kidneys into the urine. Damaged kidneys can no longer remove waste and extra fluids from the bloodstream. #############,#####,###########,########,########################,####### Neurologist ##### A doctor who specializes in problems of the nervous system, such as neuropathy. ############### Neuropathy #### Disease of the nervous system. The three major forms in people with diabetes are peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy and mononeuropathy. The most common form is peripheral neuropathy, which affects mainly the legs and feet. #####################:#############################,########## Ophthalmologist #### A doctor who diagnoses and treats all eye diseases and eye disorders. Ophthalmologists also prescribe glasses and contact lenses. ############################### Optometrist ##### An eye care provider who prescribes glasses and contact lenses. Optometrists can diagnose and treat certain eye conditions and diseases. ##############################,##################### Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ######### Also known as OGTT; a test to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes. The oral glucose tolerance test is given by a healthcare professional after an overnight fast. A blood sample is taken, then the patient drinks a high-glucose beverage. Blood samples are taken at intervals for two to three hours. Test results are compared with a standard and show how the body uses glucose over time. ############OGTT,OGTT#############OGTT########:###########,##################,################,#75######200~300######,#5#########60#120#180##,########### Pancreas ## An organ that makes insulin and enzymes for digestion. The pancreas is located behind the lower part of the stomach and is about the size of a hand. #############,#######,############### Pancreas transplantation #### A surgical procedure that removes a healthy whole or partial pancreas from a donor and place it into a person with diabetes. ############################### Periodontal disease #### Disease of the gums. ######################## Peripheral neuropathy ###### Nerve damage that affects the feet, legs or hands. Peripheral neuropathy causes pain, numbness or a tingling feeling. ##################################### Peripheral vascular diasease ###### A disease of the large blood vessels of the arms, legs and feet. PVD may occur when major blood vessels in these areas are blocked and do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pain and slow-healing foot sores. ########################(PVD),PVD##################,PVD####:################### Photocoagulation ###### A treatment for diabetic retinopathy. A strong beam of light (laser) is used to seal off bleeding blood vessels in the eye and to burn away extra blood vessels that should not have grown there. ################################################,#####################,############ Pioglitazone #### Brand name Actos; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Belongs to the class of medicines called thiazolidinediones. ###Actos, ######2##########,#########################,############ Podiatrist ##### A doctor who treats people who have foot problems. Podiatrists also help people keep their feet healthy by providing regular foot examinations and treatment. #####################################,########### Polydipsia ## Excessive thirst; may be a sign of diabetes. ###########,######## Polyphagia ## Excessive hunger; may be a sign of diabetes. ############,######## Polyurea ## Excessive urination; may be a sign of diabetes. ####,######## Post-prandial blood glucose #### The blood glucose level taken after a meal. ######## Pre-diabetes ##### A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. People with pre-diabetes are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes and for heart disease and stroke. Other names for pre-diabetes are impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. #################################(IGT)#######(IFG)# Pre-prandial blood glucose #### The blood glucose level taken before eating. ######## Proteinuria ### The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. ################,############ Renal ## Having to do with the kidneys. A renal disease is a disease of the kidneys. Renal failure means the kidneys have stopped working. #########,#########,#####,##10~12##,#5~6##,#3~4##,############,#######################,##################################### Repaglinide #### Brand name is Prandin; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin right after meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called meglitinides. ###Prandin,##2################################################# Retina ### The light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye. ###########,############################,################,######### Retinopathy ##### Diabetic eye disease; damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. Loss of vision may result. ####################,########## Rosiglitazone #### Brand name is Avandia; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Belongs to the class of medicines called thiazolidinediones. ######,######2##########,#########################,############ Saccharin ## A sweetener with no calories and no nutritional value. ################ Splenda ##(###) Generic name sucralose; a sweetener made from sugar with no calories and no nutritional value. ###:Sucralose(####),#######,############# Somogyi effect ##### When blood glucose levels swing high following hypoglycemia. The Somogyi effect may follow an untreated hypoglycemic episode during the night and is caused by the release of stress hormones. ###########,#####################,###############,############ Sucrose ## A two-part sugar made of glucose and fructose. Known as table sugar or white sugar, it is found naturally in sugar cane and in beets. ################################ Sugar alcohol ## Sweeteners that produce a smaller rise in blood glucose than other carbohydrates. Their calorie content is about two calories per gram. Includes erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol. ######,####2###,################################################################# Sulfonylurea ### A class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. (Generic names: acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, tolazamide, tolbutamide.) ######2#####################################,###############:####################################### Thiazolidinedione ###### A class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. (Generic names: pioglitazone and rosiglitazone.) ######2###########################,###############:######### Triglycerides #### The storage form of fat in the body. High triglyceride levels may occur when diabetes is out of control. ################################## Type 1 diabetes 1#### A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by a total lack of insulin. Occurs when the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin. Type 1 diabetes develops most often in young people but can appear in adults. 1####################,##################################ß##,###################1##########,########## Type 2 diabetes 2#### A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older adults but can appear in young people. 2#############(#)##############2###############,########## Urologist ##### A doctor who treats people who have urinary tract problems. A urologist also cares for men who have problems with their genital organs, such as impotence. ######################################,##### Vitrectomy ###### Surgery to restore sight in which the surgeon removes the cloudy vitreous humor in the eye and replaces it with a salt solution. ############################# |