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A1c 糖化血紅蛋白 Also known as Hemoglobin A1c, Glycated Hemoglobin A1c. This is a blood test that shows the amount of glucose attaches to the red blood cells, indirectly measures a person's average blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months. A person without diabetes has an A1c between 4 - 6%. For people with diabetes, the goal is to aim for lower than 6.5-7%. 在高血糖的條件下，血紅細胞中的血紅蛋白發生糖化反應，形成糖化血紅蛋白。抽血檢測糖化血紅蛋白可以了解2-3 個月患者平均血糖水平。非糖尿病患者糖化血紅蛋白4-6%之間，糖尿病患者控制目標達到低於6.5 - 7%。 AAPI 美國亞太裔 Asian American Pacific Islander Acanthosis Nigracans 黑棘皮病 A skin condition commonly seen in people with insulin resistance, pre-diabetes or Type 2 diabetes. It is characterized by dark wart-like patches in body folds such as the back of the neck or in the armpits. 黑棘皮病常見於胰島素抵抗、糖尿病前期、2型糖尿病患者。特徵﹕在身體皮膚皺褶部位如頸後部和腋窩出現黑色駝絨狀皮膚色素沉著。 Acarbose 阿卡波糖、拜唐蘋 Brand name in the U.S is Precose. This is an oral medication that slows down the rise in blood glucose levels after meals by blocking absorption of starches in the intestine. Mainly used to treat patients with Type 2 diabetes. 在美國其商品名Precose，為口服降糖藥，作用機製在小腸阻止餐後澱粉吸收，從而降低餐後高血糖。主要用於治療2型糖尿病。 Adult onset diabetes former term for type 2 diabetes Accupril 奎那普利 Also known as quinapril, it is an oral medication (ACE inhibitor) used to treat high blood pressure. 奎那普利屬血管緊張素轉換脢（ACE）抑制劑，用於治療高血壓。 ACE inhibitors 血管緊張素轉換酶抑制劑 ACE = Angiotensin converting enzyme; this is a class of oral medicines that lowers blood pressure (Common Brand names in the U.S: Accupril, Zestril, Monopril). When prescribed to patients with diabets, especially those who have protein (albumin) in the urine, it also helps slow down kidney damage. ACEI 血管緊張素轉換酶抑制劑屬於口服降壓藥，在美國上市的商品有：奎那普利、賴諾普利、蒙諾普利。這類藥物對糖尿病尤其合并糖尿病腎病（有微量白蛋白尿者）的腎臟有保護作用。 ACE-K 醋磺內酯鉀 Known as Acesulfame Potassium. This is a dietary sugar substitute (sweetner) that contains no calories or nutritional values. 醋磺內酯鉀,屬於食用代糖用品（甜味劑），甜度比蔗糖高，但不含熱量或營養成分 Acetoacetate 乙乙酸 a ketone body that is first detected in the blood. See Ketone Bodies. 血中酮體成分之一，參閱酮體章節 Acetone 丙酮 a ketone body that is first detected in the breath. See Ketone Bodies. 血中酮體成分之一，參閱酮體章節 Aspirin 乙酰水楊酸、阿斯匹林 generic name acetylsalicyclic acid; it is recommended for people of age 35 years or older and have diabetes more than 10 years. Aspirin has been shown to be effective for lowering risks of heart disease by reducing platelets activities in the blood. (For more, click here for Joslin Guidelines) 阿斯匹林，推荐用於35歲以上以及糖尿病病程超過10年的患者。阿斯匹林通過減少血小板的激活而有效地降低心臟病風險（欲了解更多信息請點擊進入加斯林指南） Actos 吡格列酮 generic name - pioglitazone; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Belongs to the class of medicines called thiazolidinediones. 商品名為吡格列酮，口服降糖藥，屬於塞唑烷二酮類。用於治療2型糖尿病，主要作用提高細胞對胰島素的敏感性，促進葡萄糖進入細胞利用。 Albuminuria 白蛋白尿 a condition in which the urine has more than normal amounts of a protein called albumin. Albuminuria may be a sign of nephropathy (kidney disease). 尿液中白蛋白含量超過正常水平稱為白蛋白尿。白蛋白尿是腎病（腎臟疾病）的指標。 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制劑 a class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that blocks enzymes that digest starches in food. The result is a slower and lower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially right after meals. (Generic names: acarbose and miglitol.) 用於治療2型糖尿病口服降糖藥，作用機制在小腸抑制α-葡萄糖，阻止澱粉類吸收，從而降低血糖，尤其是餐后高血糖。主要用於治療2型糖尿病。(商品名：阿卡波糖、米格列醇） Amaryl 亞莫利 Brand name Amaryl; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. Belongs to the class of medicines called sulfonylureas. 商品名：亞莫利,為治療2型糖尿病的口服降糖藥。主要作用促進胰腺分泌胰島素和提高機體對胰島素的敏感性。屬於磺脲類口服降糖藥。 American Diabetes Association (ADA) 美國糖尿病學會 Found in 1940, the American Diabetes Association is the nation's leading nonprofit health organization providing diabetes research, information and advocacy. 美國糖尿病學會成立于1940年，是美國非營利性衛生健康組織，主要提供糖尿病研究、糖尿病信息和學朮推廣。 Amputation 截肢 surgical removal of one's limb, digits or toes. One of the common complications from uncontrolled diabetes. 通過外科手朮切除因病變而不能保留肢體、手足(趾)。是糖尿病控制不良常見的并發症之一。 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor 血管緊張素轉換酶抑制劑 an oral medicine that lowers blood pressure; ACE stands for angiotensin (an-gee-oh-TEN-sin) converting enzyme. For people with diabetes, especially those who have protein (albumin) in the urine, it also helps slow down kidney damage. 口服降血壓藥，ACEI是血管緊張素轉換酶抑制劑的縮寫，用於糖尿病尤其合并蛋白尿的患者，有助於減少腎臟的損害。 Antibodies 抗體 proteins made by the body to protect itself from "foreign" substances such as bacteria or viruses. People get type 1 diabetes when their bodies make antibodies that destroy the body's own insulin-making beta cells 抗體由身體產生保護機體免受外來物質侵害，如細菌或病毒。1型糖尿病患者可產生針對和破壞自身胰島B細胞的抗體。 ARB 血管緊張素受體拮抗劑 an oral medicine that lowers blood pressure and protects kidneys from the effects of diabetes; ARB stands for angiotensin receptor blocker. 口服降壓藥，對糖尿病患者腎臟有保護作用。ARB代表血管緊張素受體拮抗劑。 Asian American Diabetes Initiative (AADI) 美國亞裔糖尿病研進會 Led by Drs. George King and William Hsu, the AADI was established in Boston Joslin in 2000. http://aadi.joslin.harvard.edu/. 美國亞裔糖尿病研進會由金良城和徐千田醫生領導，2000年在波斯頓加斯林創建。網址：http://aadi.joslin.harvard.edu/ Aspart insulin 超短效胰島素類似物 Brand name Novolog; a rapid-acting insulin. On average, aspart insulin starts to lower blood glucose within 10 to 20 minutes after injection. Its action peaks at 1 to 3 hours after injection usually lasts for 3 to 5 hours after injection. 於美國商品名為NovoLog，速效胰島素類似物，一般注射后10-20分鐘出現降血糖作用，峰作用時間在1-3小時，作用持續時間3-5小時。 Aspartame 阿斯巴甜 a dietary sweetener with almost no calories and no nutritional value. (Brand names: Equal, NutraSweet.) 一種無熱量和營養成分人工甜味劑，商品名：怡口健康糖(Equal)、紐特牌日用甜味劑 (Nutrasweet) Atherosclerosis 動脈硬化 clogging, narrowing, and hardening of the body's large arteries and medium-sized blood vessels. Atherosclerosis can lead to stroke, heart attack, eye problems, and kidney problems. 指大中動脈出現閉塞、狹窄和硬化斑塊。動脈硬化可導致中風、心臟病發作、眼病變和腎臟損害。 Autoimmune disease 自身免疫性疾病 disorder of the body's immune system in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys body tissue that it believes to be foreign. 自身免疫系統紊亂，免疫系統把自身組織當作外來組織（入侵者）進行攻擊和破壞。 Autonomic neuropathy 自主神經病變、植物神經病變 a type of neuropathy affecting the lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder, or genitals. 支配肺臟、心臟、胃腸、膀胱、生殖器等的神經發生的病變 Avandia 文迪雅（羅格列酮） an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Belongs to the class of medicines called thiazolidinediones. (Brand name: Avandia.) 一種用於治療2型糖尿病的口服降糖藥，屬於塞唑烷二酮類 (thiazolidinediones)。主要作用提高細胞對胰島素的敏感性，促進葡萄糖進入細胞利用。商品名文迪雅(Avandia)。 Basal rate 基礎率 a steady trickle of low levels of very short or short-acting insulin, such as that used in insulin pumps. 主要指使用胰島素泵時，給患者持續輸注低劑量恆定的短效或超短效胰島素。 Beta cells β細胞 a cell that makes insulin. Beta cells are located in the islets of the pancreas. 指胰島β細胞，可合成和分泌胰島素。 Biguanide 雙胍類 a class of oral medicine used to treat Type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver and by helping the body respond better to insulin. (Generic name: metformin) 一種用於治療2型糖尿病的口服降糖藥，主要作用通過減少肝糖輸出和提高細胞對胰島素的敏感性，從而降低血糖。商品名：二甲雙胍、甲福明 (Metformin)。 Blood glucose (sugar) 血葡萄糖（血糖） the main form of sugar found in the blood and the body's main source of energy. Also called blood sugar. 血中糖的主要形式和機體主要能量來源，也稱為血糖 Blood pressure 血壓 the force of blood exerted on the inside walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is expressed as a ratio (example: 120/80, read as "120 over 80"). The first number is the systolic (sis-TAH-lik) pressure, or the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries. The second number is the diastolic (DY-uh-STAH-lik) pressure, or the pressure when the heart rests. For people with Diabetes, the blood pressure goal is below 130/80. 指血液在血管內對血管壁所產生的壓力。血壓的表達方式猶如比率，如120/80 。第一個數字表示收縮壓，或當心臟擠壓血液流向動脈時的壓力﹔第二個數字表示舒張壓，或心臟舒張時血管的壓力。糖尿病患者血壓控制目標少於130/80mmHg Blood urea nitrogen 血尿素氮 also known as BUN; a waste product in the blood from the breakdown of protein. The kidneys filter blood to remove urea. As kidney function decreases, the BUN levels increase. 也稱為BUN，蛋白分解代謝廢物，腎臟可把血中尿素排出。當腎功能受損，BUN水平增高。 Body mass index 體重指數 a measure of body weight looking at weight relative to height. BMI is used to find out if a person is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. 醫學上普遍使用的通過測量身高、體重以評估體型類別的指標。使用BMI可判斷某一個體是低體重、正常體重、超重和肥胖。 Bolus (insulin) 餐前胰島素注射量 an extra amount of very short or short acting insulin taken to cover an expected rise in blood glucose, often related to a meal or snack. 常於餐前或零食前注射短效或超短效胰島素以控制餐后血糖增高 Bariatric surgery 減肥手朮 Surgical treatment for morbid obesity. 通過外科手朮方法治療病態肥胖症 C-peptide C-肽 Connecting peptide," a substance that the pancreas releases into the bloodstream in equal amounts to insulin. A test of C-peptide levels shows how much insulin the body is making. 連接肽，與胰島素等量地從胰腺釋放入血液。通過檢測C-肽可以了解體內胰島素分泌情況 Calorie 卡路里 a unit of energy in food that is equal to the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1癈. Carbohydrate, protein, fat, and alcohol provide calories in the diet. Carbohydrate and protein have 4 calories per gram, fat has 9 calories per gram, and alcohol has 7 calories per gram. 熱能計量單位，1卡路里表示1克水要上升1攝氏度所需的熱能。飲食中熱量來源於碳水化合物、蛋白質、脂肪和酒精等。碳水化合物和蛋白質每克可產生4卡路里，脂肪為9卡路里，酒精為7卡路里。 Carbohydrate 碳水化合物 one of the three main nutrients in food. Foods that are carbohydrate include starches, starchy vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and desserts, sweetes and sugars. 碳水化合物是食物中三大營養要素之一， 碳水化合物食物包括澱粉、含澱粉蔬菜、水果、乳制品、餐后甜點、糖果和糖 Cataract 白內障 clouding of the lens of the eye. 白內障是指眼內透明的晶狀體變得混濁，光線不能正常通過，從而導致視物模糊、視力下降。 Center for Medicare and Medical Service Administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with the States to administer Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program, and health insurance portability standards. http://www.cms.hhs.gov/ 美國政府主管醫療照顧計划、國家公共醫療補助、國家兒童健康保險計划和健康保險一般標准。網址：http://www.cms.hhs.gov/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) the lead federal agency for protecting the health and safety of people - at home and abroad, providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships. http://www.cdc.gov/ 美國聯邦政府部門，負責保護本土和國外國民健康和安全，提供可靠信息和提高健康意識以及通過合作促進健康。網址：http://www.cdc.gov/ Central obesity Excessive waist line is a risk factor for heart disease and diabetes. While persons with waist line more than 40 inches in men and 35 inches have central obesity, cutoff of 90 centimeter in men and 80 centimeter in women have been adopted by some to define central obesity in Asian descents. 腰圍過大是心臟病和糖尿病的危險因素。當男性腰圍＞40 英寸，女性腰圍＞35英寸存在中心性肥胖﹔亞洲人群腰圍切點：男性＞90厘米，女性＞80厘米為中心性肥胖。 Cerebrovascular accident 腦血管意外 a blockage of blood vessels that supply blood in the brain. Decreased blood flow could be due to hardening, damaging or clogged blood vessels. When blood flow is interrupted, brain cells die or are damaged, resulting in a stroke. 大腦血管發生閉塞、血流阻斷。血流減少常由于血管硬化、損傷或血管阻塞。當血流突然中斷，腦細胞死亡或受到損傷，導致中風 Certified diabetic educator (CDE) 糖尿病教育教員資格証 a health care professional with expertise in diabetes education who has met eligibility requirements and successfully completed a certification exam. 專門從事糖尿病教育的健康服務專業人員，他們具備專業知識并經過考試取得合格的資格証書。 Claudication 跛行 pain that comes and goes in the muscles of the leg. This pain results from a lack of blood supply to the legs and usually happens when walking or exercising. 跛行就是病人走著時突然感到下肢肌肉疼痛難忍，以致不得不一瘸一拐地走路或干脆就不能走路，這是下肢缺血的表現。常常發生於走路或運動過程中。 Congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭 loss of the heart's pumping power, which causes fluids to collect in the body, especially in the feet and lungs. 充血性心力衰竭是由于心臟泵血功能衰竭所致，表現為循環系統體液瀦留，尤其是下肢和肺臟。 Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) 連續血糖監測系統 A technology that allows health care professionals to track a patient's blood glucose levels continuously throughout the day. The system includes a "SENSOR" that is attached onto the skin of the abdomen and connected to the "movile phone" size device by a wire. It can perform a blood glucose test every 10 seconds and a mean of blood glucose is recorded every 5 minutes which means 288 glucose tests per day. 健康服務專業人員通過連續血糖監測系統可對患者血糖水平進行全天連續監測，該系統包括置於腹部皮膚的傳感器和導線與一個如接收信號裝置連接。這個裝置每10秒鐘查一次血糖，每5分鐘記錄平均血糖值，每天有288次血糖檢測記錄 Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) 持續皮下胰島素輸注 Constant, continuousinfusion of avery short or short acting insulin driven by mechanical force (insulin pump) and delivered via a soft cannula under the skin. 利用胰島素泵和配套導管持續皮下輸注短效或超短效胰島素。 Creatinine 肌酐 a waste product from protein in the diet and from the muscles of the body. Creatinine is removed from the body by the kidneys; as kidney disease progresses, the level of creatinine in the blood increases. 肌酐是來源於膳食中的蛋白質和機體肌肉組織代謝廢物。腎臟可以把肌酐排出體外，隨著腎臟病變進展，血肌酐水平隨之增加。 Cultural competence 文化能力 Dawn Phenomenon 黎明現象 the early-morning (4 a.m. to 8 a.m.) rise in blood glucose level. 特指糖尿病患者發生在早上（4-8時）血糖升高的現象稱為黎明現象。 Diabetes mellitus 糖尿病 also known as diabetes; a condition characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from the body's inability to use blood glucose for energy. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas no longer makes insulin and therefore blood glucose cannot enter the cells to be used for energy. In type 2 diabetes, either the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use insulin correctly. 糖尿病指機體利用葡萄糖障礙導致高血糖為特征的臨床症候群。1型糖尿病患者胰腺不能產生胰島素導致血糖不能進入細胞氧化利用，提供能量﹔2型糖尿病患者胰島素分泌不足或機體對胰島素敏感性降低。 Diabetic ketoacidosis 糖尿病酮症酸中毒 also known as DKA; an emergency condition in which extremely high blood glucose levels, along with a severe lack of insulin, result in the breakdown of body fat for energy and an accumulation of ketones in the blood and urine. Signs of DKA are nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, fruity breath odor, and rapid breathing. Untreated DKA can lead to coma and death. 簡稱DKA，屬於內科急症。此時血糖明顯升高伴嚴重胰島素不足，導致脂肪分解以提供能量，酮體生成增多，血和尿出現酮體。DKA臨床表現有惡心、嘔吐、腹痛、呼氣有蘋果味和呼吸深快。DKA如得不到及時治療可導致昏迷和死亡。 Diabetologist 糖尿病專家 a doctor who specializes in treating people who have diabetes. 從事糖尿病診治的專科醫生 Dialysis 透析 the process of cleaning wastes from the blood artificially. This job is normally done by the kidneys. If the kidneys fail, the blood must be cleaned artificially with special equipment. 通過人工手段清除血液中代謝廢物的過程，這個工作平時由腎臟完成。當出現腎功能衰竭，代謝產物堆積。此時要用人工方法、特殊的設備來清除血液中的代謝廢物。 DKA 糖尿病酮症酸中毒 diabetic ketoacidosis 糖尿病酮症酸中毒 Edema 浮腫 swelling caused by excess fluid in the body. 由于過多的體液瀦留在體內所致的浮腫 Endocrinologist 內分泌學專家 a doctor who treats people who have endocrine gland problems such as diabetes 從事內分泌代謝疾病如糖尿病等診治的專科醫生 Enzyme 酶 protein made by the body that brings about a chemical reaction, for example, the enzymes produced by the gut to aid digestion. 酶具有催化作用的蛋白質，如胃腸道合成的酶可幫助消化。 Erectile dysfunction 勃起功能障礙 a sexual dysfunction; the inability to get or maintain an erection for sexual activity. Also called impotence 指陰莖不能勃起或者維持勃起以滿足性生活。通常稱為陽痿 Fructosamine 果糖胺 measures the number of blood glucose molecules (MAH-leh-kyools) linked to protein molecules in the blood. The test provides information on the average blood glucose level for the past 3 weeks. 果糖胺是血漿中的蛋白質在葡萄糖非酶糖化過程中形成的一種物質，由于血漿蛋白的半衰期為17天，故果糖胺反映的是3周內的血糖水平。 Gangrene 壞疽 the death of body tissue, most often caused by a lack of blood flow and infection. It can lead to amputation. 為組織壞死后又發生了繼發性改變的結果，常常由于缺血和感染所致。壞疽常導致截肢 Gastroparesis 胃輕癱 a form of neuropathy that affects the stomach. Digestion of food may be incomplete or delayed, resulting in nausea, vomiting, or bloating, making blood glucose control difficult. 胃輕癱是由于支配胃神經受損所致。食物消化不完全或延遲，結果患者出現惡心、嘔吐，腹脹，導致血糖控制困難。 Gestational diabetes 妊娠期糖尿病 a type of diabetes mellitus that develops only during pregnancy and usually disappears upon delivery, but increases the risk that the mother will develop diabetes later. GDM is managed with meal planning, activity, and, in some cases, insulin. 是糖尿病的一個類型，無糖尿病史的婦女，在妊娠過程中出現糖尿病稱為妊娠糖尿病，分娩后可恢復正常，但曾有妊娠糖尿病者將來有發展為糖尿病的危險。妊娠糖尿病治療主要是飲食控制、活動，部分患者需要胰島素治療。 Glargine 長效甘精胰島素 Brand name Lantus; very-long-acting insulin. On average, glargine insulin starts to lower blood glucose levels within 1 hour after injection and keeps working evenly for 24 hours after injection. 商品名：來得時，屬於長效胰島素，一般注射后1小時起降糖作用，持續作用達24小時 Glaucoma 青光眼 an increase in fluid pressure inside the eye that may lead to loss of vision. 眼內壓增高所引起的眼病,可導致視力下降和失明 Glucagon 胰高糖素 a hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas. It raises blood glucose. An injectable form of glucagon, available by prescription, may be used to treat severe hypoglycemia. 胰高糖素是由胰島α細胞合成和分泌的激素，可引起血糖升高。注射用胰高糖素為處方藥，用於治療嚴重低血糖症。 Glucose tablets 葡萄糖片 chewable tablets made of pure glucose used for treating hypoglycemia. 由葡萄糖制成的咀嚼片用於治療低血糖症 Glycemic index 糖解指數 a ranking of carbohydrate-containing foods, based on the food's effect on blood glucose compared with a standard reference food. 是衡量某種食物引起餐后血糖反應的有效指標，即食用含50g碳水化合物的食物和食用相當量的葡萄糖或面包，在一定時間內體內血糖曲線下面積的百分比值 Glycogen 糖原 the form of glucose found in the liver and muscles. 糖原指儲存於肝臟和肌肉組織中葡萄糖 HDL cholesterol 高密度脂蛋白膽固醇 high density lipoprotein cholesterol; a fat found in the blood that takes extra cholesterol from the blood to the liver for removal. Sometimes called "good" cholesterol. 高密度脂蛋白膽固醇又稱為“好的膽固醇”，是一種獨特的脂蛋白，可以將血液中多余的膽固醇運輸到肝臟進行代謝清除。 Hoenymoon period 蜜月期 temporary remission of hyperglycemia that occurs in some people newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, when some insulin secretion resumes for a short time, usually a few months, before stopping again. 一些初診斷的1型糖尿病患者經胰島素治療后胰島B細胞功能改善，B細胞數量也有所增加，臨床症狀好轉，可以減少胰島素的用量，甚至停用胰島素，這就是所謂的"蜜月期"，可持續數月。隨后病情進展，胰島B細胞功能衰竭，胰島素分泌缺乏，仍然要靠外源胰島素控制血糖水平。 Hyperlipidemia 高脂血症 higher than normal fat and cholesterol levels in the blood 血脂及血膽固醇水平超過正常 Hypoglycemia Unawareness 無警覺的低血糖症（不伴警覺症狀的低血糖、無症狀低血糖、不自覺低血糖） a state in which a person does not feel or recognize the symptoms of low blood glucose. People who have frequent episodes of hypoglycemia may no longer experience the warning signs of it. 指發生低血糖時患者無任何症狀也無感察。頻繁低血糖發作患者有可能對低血糖的症狀失去警覺。 Hypotension 低血壓 low blood pressure or a sudden drop in blood pressure. Hypotension may occur when a person rises quickly from a sitting or reclining position, causing dizziness or fainting. 血壓過低或血壓突然下降。低血壓可發生于從坐位或臥位突然變成站立體位時，可出現頭暈眼花甚至昏厥。 Insulin 胰島素 a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy. The beta cells of the pancreas make insulin. When the body cannot make enough insulin, insulin is taken by injection or through use of an insulin pump 胰島素是促進葡萄糖進入細胞氧化利用產生能量的激素。胰島素來源於胰腺，由胰島內的β細胞合成并釋放入血液。糖尿病患者出現胰島素缺乏時，通過注射胰島素或使用胰島素泵輸注胰島素來補充。 Insulin dependent diabetes 胰島素依賴型糖尿病 former term for type 1 diabetes 是1型糖尿病以前曾用的疾病名稱 Insulinoma 胰島素瘤 a tumor of the beta cells in the pancreas. An insulinoma may cause the body to make extra insulin, leading to hypoglycemia. 是胰島β細胞異常增生導致的胰腺內分泌腫瘤，胰島素瘤不受控制的分泌胰島素，常常導致低血糖發作。 Insulin pump 胰島素泵 an insulin-delivering device about the size of a deck of cards that can be worn on a belt or kept in a pocket. An insulin pump connects to narrow, flexible plastic tubing that ends with a needle inserted just under the skin. Users set the pump to give a steady trickle or basal amount of insulin continuously throughout the day. Pumps release bolus doses of insulin (several units at a time) at meals and at times when blood glucose is too high, based on programming done by the user. 胰島素泵是輸注胰島素專用裝置。常用的胰島素泵為外挂式，外形似BP機大小，內裝微電腦系統和胰島素注射系統，胰島素注射系統通過一條很細的導管與皮下的注射針相連，其胰島素仍注射到皮下。應用胰島素泵可提供全天穩定和連續的胰島素基礎量﹔胰島素泵可根據需要在餐前以及當血糖過高時追加胰島素輸注量（每次可追加几個單位胰島素），使用者可根據需要設定程序控制胰島素泵。 Insulin resistance 胰島素抵抗 the body's inability to respond to and use the insulin it produces. Insulin resistance may be linked to obesity, hypertension, and high levels of fat in the blood 胰島素抵抗是指機體周圍組織對胰島素的敏感性降低，外周組織如肌肉、脂肪、肝臟對胰島素促進葡萄糖攝取的作用發生了抵抗。胰島素抵抗與肥胖、高血壓、高脂血症密切相關。 Intramuscular injection 肌肉注射 inserting liquid medication into a muscle with a syringe. Glucagon may be given by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection for hypoglycemia 用注射器將注射液注入肌肉內稱為肌肉注射。 Islet cell antibodies 胰島細胞抗體 proteins found in the blood of people newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. They are also found in people who may be developing type 1 diabetes. The presence of ICA indicates that the body's immune system has been damaging beta cells in the pancreas. 在新診斷的1型糖尿病患者和某些將來發展為1型糖尿病健康人身上可檢出胰島細胞抗體（ICA）。出現ICA表明自身免疫系統對胰島β細胞攻擊和損害。 Islet cell transplantation 胰島細胞移植 moving the islets from a donor pancreas into a person whose pancreas has stopped producing insulin. Beta cells in the islets make the insulin that the body needs for using blood glucose. 從捐贈者的胰腺提取胰島細胞移植到胰腺不能產生胰島素的患者體內的治療方法稱為胰島細胞移植 Juvenile diabetes 青少年糖尿病 former term for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or type 1 diabetes. 即以前的胰島素依賴型糖尿病（IDDM）和1型糖尿病 Ketone 酮體 a chemical produced when there is a shortage of insulin in the blood and the body breaks down body fat for energy. High levels of ketones can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis and coma. Sometimes referred to as ketone bodies. 酮體是當機體胰島素缺乏導致分解脂肪提供能量時產生化學產物。酮體增高可以導致酮症酸中毒昏迷 Ketosis 酮症 a ketone buildup in the body that may lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. Signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. 酮體在體內堆積可導致酮症酸中毒，酮症酸中毒的症狀有惡心、嘔吐和胃腸道疼痛。 Kidney failure 腎功能衰竭 a chronic condition in which the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up because the kidneys no longer work properly. A person with kidney failure needs dialysis or a kidney transplant. Also called end-stage renal (REE-nul) disease or ESRD. 腎功能衰竭是由各種原因引起腎臟損害并進行性惡化，使機體在排泄代謝廢物和調節水、電解質及酸鹼平衡等方面發生紊亂的臨床綜合征。腎功能衰竭的患者常規腎臟替代療法有：透析療法和腎臟移植。慢性腎功能衰竭也稱為終末期腎病。 Lancet 柳葉刀 a spring-loaded device used to prick the skin with a small needle to obtain a drop of blood for blood glucose monitoring. 用來刺破皮膚采少量血樣行血糖檢查的小穿刺針。 Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults 成人晚發自身免疫性糖尿病 also known as LADA; a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults 又稱為LADA，即成人起病的1型糖尿病。 LDL cholesterol 低密度脂蛋白膽固醇 also known as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; a fat found in the blood that takes cholesterol around the body to where it is needed for cell repair and also deposits it on the inside of artery walls. Sometimes called "bad" LDL- C 是所有血漿脂蛋白中首要的致動脈粥樣 硬化性脂蛋白。已經証明粥樣硬化斑塊中的膽固醇來自血液循環中的LDL-c。LDL-C 的致動脈粥樣硬化 作用與其本身的一些特點有關, 即LDL-C相對較小, 能很快穿過動脈內膜層。 因此有時把LDL-c稱為"壞的膽固醇"。 Lipid profile a blood test that measures total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol. LDL cholesterol is then calculated from the results. A lipid profile is one measure of a person's risk of cardiovascular disease. 通常血脂譜包括總膽固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇。血脂譜是心血管疾病危險因素的檢測指標之一。 Lispro Brand name Humalog; a rapid-acting insulin. On average, lispro insulin starts to lower blood glucose within 5 minutes after injection. It has its strongest effect 30 minutes to 1 hour after injection but keeps working for 3 hours after injection. 商品名優泌樂(Humalog)，超短效人胰島素類似物。注射后5分鐘起降糖作用，作用高峰時間為30分鐘至1小時，作用持續3小時 Macrosomia abnormally large; in diabetes, refers to abnormally large babies that may be born to women with diabetes. 通常把出生體重達4500克以上的新生兒為巨大兒，是糖尿病合并妊娠或妊娠期糖尿病的常見并發症 Macula the part of the retina in the eye used for reading and seeing fine detail. 黃斑位于視網膜中央黃斑區域，布滿感光神經細胞，用以接收光和影像信息。 Maturity-onset diabetes of the young also known as MODY; a kind of type 2 diabetes that accounts for 1 to 5 percent of people with diabetes. Of the six forms identified, each is caused by a defect in a single gene. 又稱為MODY，約占糖尿病的1~5%。屬於2型糖尿病的特殊類型，共分為六亞型，每一亞型由單一基因缺陷引起。 Meglitinide 瑞格列奈 generic name repaglinide; a class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin right after meals. 商品名瑞格列奈，用於治療2型糖尿病的口服降糖藥，主要作用是進餐后促進胰腺分泌胰島素 Metabolic syndrome 代謝綜合征 the tendency of several conditions to occur together, including obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes or pre-diabetes, hypertension, and high lipids. 代謝綜合征指有多個臨床現象的聚集，包括肥胖、胰島素抵抗、糖尿病或糖尿病前期、高血壓和高脂血症。 Metformin 二甲雙胍 Brand names: Glucophage, Glucophage XR; an ingredient in Glucovance; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver and helping the body respond better to the insulin made in the pancreas. Belongs to the class of medicines called biguanides. 商品名：格華止，格華止XR，復方鹽酸二甲雙胍(含二甲雙胍和優降糖），治療2型糖尿病口服降糖藥。降血糖作用通過減少肝臟葡萄糖輸出和提高機體對胰島素敏感性。屬於雙胍類藥物。 Microalbuminuria 微量白蛋白尿 small amounts of the protein called albumin in the urine detectable with a special lab test. 尿中出現少量的白蛋白稱為微量白蛋白尿，是腎臟病變的最早信號。 Microvascular disease 微血管病變 disease of the smallest blood vessels, such as those found in the eyes, nerves, and kidneys. The walls of the vessels become abnormally thick but weak. Then they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood to the cells. 微血管病變是指糖尿病病人微動脈、微細血管和微靜脈的病變，包括眼、神經和腎臟。病變的特征是微血管基底膜增厚而脆弱。微血管病變可導致出血、蛋白質漏出和血流緩慢。 Miglitol 米格列醇 Brand name Glycet; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It blocks the enzymes that digest starches in food. The result is a slower and lower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially right after meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. 商品名：Glycet、米格列醇。用於治療2型糖尿病口服降糖藥，作用機制在小腸阻斷α-葡萄糖苷酶，抑制餐后澱粉類吸收，從而降低全天血糖，尤其是餐后高血糖。藥物分類屬于α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制劑 Myocardial infarction 心肌梗塞 also known as heart attack; an interruption in the blood supply to the heart because of narrowed or blocked blood vessels. 心肌梗塞是指心肌的缺血性壞死，在冠狀動脈病變的基礎上，發生冠狀動脈血供急劇減少或中斷，使相應的心肌嚴重而持久地急性缺血所致。 Nateglinide 那格列奈 Brand name: Starlix; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose levels by helping the pancreas make more insulin right after meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called D-phenylalanine derivatives. 商品名那格列奈，治療2型糖尿病的口服降糖藥﹔主要作用是進餐后促進胰腺分泌胰島素從而降低血糖。藥物分類屬於D-苯丙氨酸衍生物 Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum 糖尿病脂性漸進性壞死 a skin condition usually on the lower part of the legs. Lesions can be small or extend over a large area. They are usually raised, yellow, and waxy in appearance and often have a purple border. 糖尿病脂性漸進性壞死常見於下肢小腿以下部位，病損部位可以小的或波及大范圍。病損部位常見隆起、黃色、臘樣外觀和紫色邊界。 Nephrologist 腎科專家 a doctor who treats people who have kidney problems. 從事腎臟疾病診治的專科醫生 Nephropathy 腎病 disease of the kidneys. Hyperglycemia and hypertension can damage the kidneys' glomeruli. When the kidneys are damaged, protein leaks out of the kidneys into the urine. Damaged kidneys can no longer remove waste and extra fluids from the bloodstream. 高血糖和高血壓可損害腎小球，當腎臟受損，蛋白質由腎臟漏出至尿液，隨著腎臟損害發展，腎臟不能清除血液中代謝廢物和調節水電解質酸鹼平衡，導致腎功能衰竭 Neurologist 神經學專家 a doctor who specializes in problems of the nervous system, such as neuropathy. 從事神經系統疾病診治的專科醫生 Neuropathy 神經病變 disease of the nervous system. The three major forms in people with diabetes are peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, and mononeuropathy. The most common form is peripheral neuropathy, which affects mainly the legs and feet. 指神經系統病變。糖尿病患者常見三種神經病變：周圍神經病變、自主神經病變和單神經病變。最多見的是周圍神經，常影響雙下肢和雙足。 Ophthalmologist 眼科專家 a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats all eye diseases and eye disorders. Opthalmologists can also prescribe glasses and contact lenses. 從事眼科疾病診治的專業醫生。眼科醫生也可從事配眼鏡和隱性眼鏡。 Optometrist 眼科驗光師 a primary eye care provider who prescribes glasses and contact lenses. Optometrists can diagnose and treat certain eye conditions and diseases. 眼科驗光師主要進行眼科光學檢查、確定是否需要配眼鏡或隱性眼鏡，眼科驗光師也從事一些眼科疾病的診斷和處理。 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 口服葡萄糖耐量試驗 also known as OGTT; a test to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes. The oral glucose tolerance test is given by a health care professional after an overnight fast. A blood sample is taken, then the patient drinks a high-glucose beverage. Blood samples are taken at intervals for 2 to 3 hours. Test results are compared with a standard and show how the body uses glucose over time. 口服葡萄糖耐量試驗又稱為OGTT，OGTT可診斷糖尿病前期和糖尿病。OGTT操作方法步驟如下：試驗前日晚餐后開始禁食，因血糖受許多生理條件的影響而日夜波動，故試驗最好在早上進行。抽空腹血樣，將75克葡萄糖溶于200～300毫升溫開水中，在5分鐘內飲完。服糖后60、120、180分鐘，分別采靜脈血測定血糖。 Pancreas 胰腺 an organ that makes insulin and enzymes for digestion. The pancreas is located behind the lower part of the stomach and is about the size of a hand. 胰腺是人體最重要的器官之一，位于胃的后下方，主要分泌胰島素以及多種消化酶。 Pancreas transplantation 胰腺移植 a surgical procedure to take a healthy whole or partial pancreas from a donor and place it into a person with diabetes. 通過手朮方法從捐獻者中取全胰腺或部分胰腺移植到糖尿病患者身上。 Periodontal disease 牙周疾病 disease of the gums. 牙周疾病是指損壞牙齦及牙齒支持組織的炎症或感染。 Peripheral neuropathy 周圍神經病變 nerve damage that affects the feet, legs, or hands. Peripheral neuropathy causes pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. 周圍神經病變常影響足部、下肢和雙手。常見的症狀有受累肢體疼痛、麻木感和刺痛 Peripheral vascular diasease 周圍血管病變 a disease of the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. PVD may occur when major blood vessels in these areas are blocked and do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains and slow-healing foot sores. 供應上肢、下肢和足部的大血管病變稱為周圍血管病變（PVD），PVD可導致這些部位血管阻塞或血液供應不足，PVD主要表現：受累部位疼痛和傷口延緩愈合或愈合不良。 Photocoagulation 激光凝固治療 a treatment for diabetic retinopathy. A strong beam of light (laser) is used to seal off bleeding blood vessels in the eye and to burn away extra blood vessels that should not have grown there. 激光凝固是糖尿病視網膜病變的治療方法之一。激光凝固治療是用強的激光束使眼底病變部位出血的血管封閉，它能減輕視網膜水腫、改善循環及消滅新生血管，起到阻止病變發展的作用。 Pioglitazone 吡格列酮 Brand name Actos; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Belongs to the class of medicines called thiazolidinediones. 商品名Actos, 一種用於治療2型糖尿病的口服降糖藥，屬於塞唑烷二酮類。主要作用提高細胞對胰島素的敏感性，促進葡萄糖進入細胞利用。 Podiatrist 足病治療師 a doctor who treats people who have foot problems. Podiatrists also help people keep their feet healthy by providing regular foot examinations and treatment. 從事足部疾病診治的專科醫生稱為足病治療師。足病治療師提供足部訓練指導和治療，幫助患者保持足部健康。 Polydipsia 煩渴 excessive thirst; may be a sign of diabetes. 感覺明顯口乾、大量飲水，是糖尿病常見症狀 Polyphagia 多食 excessive hunger; may be a sign of diabetes. 感覺容易飢餓、進食量增多，是糖尿病常見症狀 Polyurea 多尿 excessive urination; may be a sign of diabetes. 尿量增加，是糖尿病常見症狀 Post-prandial blood glucose 餐后血糖 the blood glucose level taken after a meal 進餐后的血糖水平 Pre-diabetes 糖尿病前期 a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. People with pre-diabetes are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes and for heart disease and stroke. Other names for pre-diabetes are impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. 糖尿病前期指血糖水平正常和糖尿病之間狀態。糖尿病前期包括糖耐量減低（IGT）和空腹血糖受損（IFG）。 Pre-prandial blood glucose 餐前血糖 the blood glucose level taken before eating. 進餐前的血糖水平 Proteinuria 蛋白尿 the presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. 尿液中蛋白含量超過正常稱為蛋白尿，尿蛋白提示腎臟功能受損。 Renal 腎臟 having to do with the kidneys. A renal disease is a disease of the kidneys. Renal failure means the kidneys have stopped working. 腎臟是一實質性器官，位于腹膜后脊柱兩側，左右各一個，長約10~12厘米，寬5~6厘米，厚3~4厘米，呈蠶豆形。腎病指腎臟疾病，腎功能衰竭指由各種原因引起腎臟損害并進行性惡化，使機體在排泄代謝廢物和調節水、電解質及酸鹼平衡等方面發生紊亂的臨床綜合征。 Repaglinide 瑞格列奈 Brand name: Prandin; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin right after meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called meglitinides. 商品名Prandin，治療2型糖尿病的口服降糖藥﹔主要作用是進餐后促進胰腺分泌胰島素從而降低血糖。藥物分類屬於氯茴苯酸類衍生物 Retina 視網膜 the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye. 眼球內層組織稱為視網膜，眼球視軸正對終點為黃斑中心凹。黃斑中心凹所在區域稱黃斑區，它是視網膜上視覺最敏銳的特殊區域，即視力最好的部位。 Retinopathy 視網膜病變 diabetic eye disease; damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. Loss of vision may result. 糖尿病視網膜病變主要表現視網膜小血管損害，可導致視力下降和失明 Rosiglitazone 羅格列酮 Brand name: Avandia; an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Belongs to the class of medicines called thiazolidinediones. 商品名文迪雅，一種用於治療2型糖尿病的口服降糖藥，屬於塞唑烷二酮類。主要作用提高細胞對胰島素的敏感性，促進葡萄糖進入細胞利用。 Saccharin 糖精 a sweetener with no calories and no nutritional value. 糖精是不含熱量和營養成分的甜味劑 Splenda 代糖（甜味劑） generic name sucralose; a sweetener made from sugar with no calories and no nutritional value 商品名：Sucralose（三氯蔗糖），屬於蔗糖衍生物，不含熱量和營養成分的甜味劑 Somogyi effect 蘇木杰反應 when the blood glucose level swings high following hypoglycemia. The Somogyi effect may follow an untreated hypoglycemic episode during the night and is caused by the release of stress hormones. 當糖尿病患者血糖波動大，夜間低血糖發生時未得到治療以及應急激素釋放，發生低血糖后的反跳性高血糖現象，又稱低血糖后高血糖反應。 Sucrose 蔗糖 a two-part sugar made of glucose and fructose. Known as table sugar or white sugar, it is found naturally in sugar cane and in beets. 蔗糖含葡萄糖和果糖。我們熟知的蔗糖或白糖是從甘蔗和甜菜提煉而成。 Sugar alcohol 糖醇 sweeteners that produce a smaller rise in blood glucose than other carbohydrates. Their calorie content is about 2 calories per gram. Includes erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol 糖醇屬甜味劑，每克產生2卡熱量，與其他碳水化合物相比較少引起血糖升高。糖醇類包括赤藻糖醇、氫化澱粉水解物、異麥芽酮糖醇、乳糖醇、麥芽糖醇、甘露醇、山梨醇和木糖醇。 Sulfonylurea 磺脲類 a class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. (Generic names: acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, tolazamide, tolbutamide.) 一種用於治療2型糖尿病的口服降糖藥。主要作用促進胰腺分泌胰島素和提高細胞對胰島素的敏感性，促進葡萄糖進入細胞利用。商品名：醋磺已脲、氯磺丙脲、格列美脲、格列吡嗪、格列本脲、甲磺丁脲、氯磺丙脲和妥拉磺脲 Thiazolidinedione 噻唑烷二酮類 a class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. (Generic names: pioglitazone and rosiglitazone.) 一種用於治療2型糖尿病的口服降糖藥。主要作用提高細胞對胰島素的敏感性，促進葡萄糖進入細胞利用。商品名：吡格列酮和羅格列酮 Triglycerides 甘油三酯 the storage form of fat in the body. High triglyceride levels may occur when diabetes is out of control. 甘油三酯是血液中的脂肪類一種形式。糖尿病控制不良時甘油三酯可以升高。 Type 1 diabetes 1型糖尿病 a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by a total lack of insulin. Occurs when the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin. Type 1 diabetes develops most often in young people but can appear in adults. 1型糖尿病指患者體內胰腺分泌胰島素嚴重缺乏，引起血糖水平持續升高。原因在于自身免疫系統攻擊和破壞胰腺產生胰島素的β細胞，從而完全失去了合成和分泌胰島素的功能。1型糖尿病多見於青少年，但也可以發生在成人。 Type 2 diabetes 2型糖尿病 a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older adults but can appear in young people. 2型糖尿病指由于胰島素缺乏和（或）胰島素作用不足所致的高血糖。2型糖尿病多見於中年以上或老年人，但也可以發生在青少年 Urologist 泌尿科專家 a doctor who treats people who have urinary tract problems. A urologist also cares for men who have problems with their genital organs, such as impotence. 從事泌尿系統疾病診治的專科醫生稱為泌尿科專家。泌尿科專家也診治男性生殖器疾病，如陽萎等。 Vitrectomy 玻璃體切除朮 surgery to restore sight in which the surgeon removes the cloudy vitreous humor in the eye and replaces it with a salt solution. 此項手朮是將眼睛病態玻璃體切除并用生理鹽水替代以改善視力。 |